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Procopius of Caesarea:
The Secret History
11.. HOW THE DEFENDER OF THE FAITH RUINED HIS SUBJECTS
As soon as Justinian came into power he turned everything upside
down. Whatever had been before by law, he now introduced into
the government, while he revoked all established customs: as if
he had been given the robes of an Emperor on the condition he
would turn everything topsy-turvy. Existing offices he abolished,
and invented new ones for the management of public affairs. He
did the same thing to the laws and to the regulations of the army;
and his reason was not any improvement of justice or any advantage,
but simply that everything might be new and named after himself.
And whatever was beyond his power to abolish, he renamed after
himself anyway.
Of the plundering of property or the murder of men, no weariness
ever overtook him. As soon as he had looted all the houses of
the wealthy, he looked around for others; meanwhile throwing away
the spoils of his previous robberies in subsidies to barbarians
or senseless building extravagances. And when he had ruined perhaps
myriads in this mad looting, he immediately sat down to plan how
he could do likewise to others in even greater number.
As the Romans were now at peace with all the world and he had
no other means of satisfying his lust for slaughter, he set the
barbarians all to fighting each other. And for no reason at all
he sent for the Hun chieftains, and with idiotic magnanimity gave
them large sums of money, alleging he did this to secure their
friendship. This, as I have said, he had also done in Justin's
time. These Huns, as soon as they had got this money, sent it
together with their soldiers to others of their chieftains, with
the word to make inroads into the land of the Emperor: so that
they might collect further tribute from him, to buy them off in
a second peace. Thus the Huns enslaved the Roman Empire, and were
paid by the Emperor to keep on doing it.
This encouraged still others of them to rob the poor Romans; and
after their pillaging, they too were further rewarded by the gracious
Emperor. In this way all the Huns, for when it was not one tribe
of them it was another, continuously overran and laid waste the
Empire. For the barbarians were led by many different chieftains,
and the war, thanks to Justinian's senseless generosity, was thus
endlessly protracted. Consequently no place, mountain or cave,
or any other spot in Roman territory, during this time remained
uninjured; and many regions were pillaged more than five times.
These misfortunes, and those that were caused by the Medes, Saracens,
Slavs, Antes, and the rest of the barbarians, I described in my
previous works. But, as I said in the preface to this narrative,
the real cause of these calamities remained to be told here.
To Chosroes also -he paid many centenaries in behalf of peace,
and then with unreasonable arbitrariness caused the breaking of
the truce by making every effort to secure the friendship of Alamandur
and his Huns, who had been in alliance with the Persians: but
this I freely discussed in my chapters on the subject.
Moreover, while he was encouraging civil strife and frontier warfare
to confound the Romans, with only one thought in his mind, that
the earth should run red with human blood and he might acquire
more and more booty, he invented a new means of murdering his
subjects. Now among the Christians in the entire Roman Empire,
there are many with dissenting doctrines, which are called heresies
by the established church: such as those of the Montanists and
Sabbatians, and whatever others cause the minds of men to wander
from the true path. All of these beliefs he ordered to be abolished,
and their place taken by the orthodox dogma: threatening, among
the punishments for disobedience, loss of the heretic's right
to will property to his children or other relatives.
Now the churches of these so-called heretics especially those
belonging to the Arian dissenters, were almost incredibly wealthy.
Neither all the Senate put together nor the greatest other unit
of the Roman Empire, had anything in property comparable to that
of these churches. For their gold and silver treasures, and stores
of precious stones, were beyond telling or numbering: they owned
mansions and whole villages, land all over the world, and everything
else that is counted as wealth among men.
As none of the previous Emperors had molested these churches,
many men, even those of the orthodox faith, got their livelihood
by working on their estates. But the Emperor Justinian, in confiscating
these properties, at the same time took away what for many people
had been their only means of earning a living.
Agents were sent everywhere to force whomever they chanced upon
to renounce the faith of their fathers. This, which seemed impious
to rustic people, caused them to rebel against those who gave
them such an order. Thus many perished at the hands of the persecuting
faction, and others did away with themselves, foolishly thinking
this the holier course of two evils; but most of them by far quitted
the land of their fathers, and fled the country. The Montanists,
who dwelt in Phrygia, shut themselves up in their churches, set
them on fire, and ascended to glory in the flames. And thenceforth
the whole Roman Empire was a scene of massacre and flight.
A similar law w as then passed against the Samaritans, which threw
Palestine into an indescribable turmoil.
Those, indeed, who lived in my own Caesarea and in the other cities,
deciding it silly to suffer harsh treatment over a ridiculous
trifle of dogma, took the name of Christians in exchange for the
one they had borne before, by which precaution they were able
to avoid the perils of the new law. The most reputable and better
class of these citizens, once they had adopted this religion,
decided to remain faithful to it; the majority, however, as if
in spite for having not voluntarily, but by the compulsion of
law, abandoned the belief of their fathers, soon slipped away
into the Manichean sect and what is known as polytheism.
The country people, however, banded together and determined to
take arms against the Emperor: choosing as their candidate for
the throne a bandit named Julian, son of Sabarus. And for a time
they held their own against the imperial troops; but finally,
defeated in battle, were cut down, together with their leader.
Ten myriads of men are said to have perished in this engagement,
and the most fertile country on earth thus became destitute of
farmers. To the Christian owners of these lands, the affair brought
great hardship: for while their profits from these properties
were annihilated, they had to pay heavy annual taxes on them to
the Emperor for the rest of their lives, and secured no remission
of this burden.
Next he turned his attention to those called Gentiles, torturing
their persons and plundering their lands. of this group, those
who decided to become nominal Christians saved themselves for
the time being; but it was not long before these, too, were caught
performing libations and sacrifices and other unholy rites. And
how he treated the Christians shall be told hereafter.
After this he passed a law prohibiting pederasty: a law pointed
not at offenses committed after this decree, but at those who
could be convicted of having practised the vice in the past. The
conduct of the prosecution was utterly illegal. Sentence was passed
when there was no accuser: the word of one man or boy, and that
perhaps a slave, compelled against his will to bear witness against
his owner, was defined as sufficient evidence. Those who were
convicted were castrated and then exhibited in a public parade.
At the start, this persecution was directed only at those who
were of the Green party, were reputed to be especially wealthy,
or had otherwise aroused jealousy.
The Emperor's malice was also directed against the astrologer.
Accordingly, magistrates appointed to punish thieves also abused
the astrologers, for no other reason than that they belonged to
this profession; whipping them on the back and parading them on
camels
throughout the city, though they were old men, and in every way
respectable, with no reproach against them except that they studied
the science of the stars while living in such a city.
Consequently there was a constant stream of emigration not only
to the land of the barbarians but to places farthest remote from
the Romans; and in every country and city one could see crowds
of foreigners. For in order to escape persecution, each would
lightly exchange his native land for another, as if his own country
had been taken by an enemy.
12. PROVING THAT JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA WERE ACTUALLY FIENDS
IN HUMAN FORM
Now the wealth of those in Constantinople and each other city
who were considered second in prosperity only to members of the
Senate, was brutally confiscated, in the ways I have described,
by Justinian and Theodora. But how they were able to rob even
the Senate of all its property I shall now reveal.
There was in Constantinople a man by the name of Zeno, grandson
of that Anthamius who had formerly been Emperor of the West. This
man they appointed, with malice aforethought, Governor of Egypt,
and commanded his immediate departure. But he delayed his voyage
long enough to load his ship with his most valuable effects; for
he had a countless amount of silver and gold plate inlaid with
pearls, emeralds and other such precious stones. Whereupon they
bribed some of his most trusted servants to remove these valuables
from the ship as fast as they could carry them, set fire to the
interior of the vessel, and inform Zeno that his ship had burst
into flames of spontaneous combustion, with the loss of all his
property. Later, when Zeno died suddenly, they took possession
of his estate immediately as his legal heirs; for they produced
a will which, it is whispered, he did not really make.
In the same manner they made themselves heirs of Tatian, Demosthenes,
and Hilara, who were foremost in the Roman Senate. And others'
estates they obtained by counterfeited letters instead of wills.
Thus they became heirs of Dionysius, who lived in Libanus, and
of John the son of Basil, who was the most notable of the citizens
of Edessa, and had been given as hostage, against his will, by
Belisarius to the Persians: as I have recounted elsewhere. For
Chosroes refused to let this John go, charging that the Romans
had disregarded the terms of the truce, as a pledge of which John
had been given him by Belisarius; and he said he would only give
him up as a prisoner of war. So his father's mother, who was still
living, got together a ransom not less than two thousand pounds
of silver, and was ready to purchase her grandson's liberty. But
when this money came to Dara, the Emperor heard of the bargain
and forbade it: saying that Roman wealth must not be given to
the barbarians. Not long after this, John fell ill and departed
from this world, whereupon the Governor of the city forged a letter
which, he said, John had written him as a friend not long before,
to the effect that he wished his estate to go to the Emperor.
I could hardly catalogue all the other people whose estates these
two chose to inherit. However, up to the time when the insurrection
named Nika took place, they seized rich men's properties one at
a time; but when that happened, as I have told elsewhere, they
sequestrated at one swoop the estates of nearly all the members
of the Senate. On everything movable and on the fairest of the
lands they laid their hands and kept what they wanted; but whatever
was unproductive of more than the bitter and heavy taxes, they
gave back to the previous owners with a philanthropic gesture.
Consequently these unfortunates, oppressed by the tax collectors
and eaten up by the never-ceasing interest on their debts, found
life a burden compared to which death were preferable.
Wherefore to me,- and many others of us, these two seemed not
to be human beings, but veritable demons, and what the poets call
vampires: who laid their heads together to see how they could
most easily and quickly destroy the race and deeds of men; and
assuming human bodies, became man-demons, and so convulsed the
world. And one could find evidence of this in many things, but
especially in the superhuman power with which they worked their
will.
For when one examines closely, there is a clear difference between
what is human and what is supernatural. There have been many enough
men, during the whole course of history, who by chance or by nature
have inspired great fear, ruining cities or countries or whatever
else fell into their power; but to destroy all men and bring calamity
on the whole inhabited earth remained for these two to accomplish,
whom Fate aided in their schemes of corrupting all mankind. For
by earthquakes, pestilences, and floods of river waters at this
time came further ruin, as I shall presently show. Thus not by
human, but by some other kind of power they accomplished their
dreadful designs.
And they say his mother said to some of her intimates once that
not of Sabbatius her husband, nor of any man was Justinian a son.
For when she was about to conceive, there visited a demon, invisible
but giving evidence of his presence perceptibly where man consorts
with woman, after which he vanished utterly as in a dream.
And some of those who have been with Justinian at the palace late
at night, men who were pure of spirit, have thought they saw a
strange demoniac form taking his place. One man said that the
Emperor suddenly rose from his throne and walked about, and indeed
he was never wont to remain sitting for long, and immediately
Justinian's head vanished, while the rest of his body seemed to
ebb and flow; whereat the beholder stood aghast and fearful, wondering
if his eyes were deceiving him. But presently he perceived the
vanished head filling out and joining the body again as strangely
as it had left it.
Another said he stood beside the Emperor as he sat, and of a sudden
the face changed into a shapeless mass of flesh, with neither
eyebrows nor eyes in their proper places, nor any other distinguishing
feature; and after a time the natural appearance of his countenance
returned. I write these instances not as one who saw them myself,
but heard them from men who were positive they had seen these
strange occurrences at the time.
They also say that a certain monk, very dear to God, at the instance
of those who dwelt with him in the desert went to Constantinople
to beg for mercy to his neighbors who had been outraged beyond
endurance. And when he arrived there, he forthwith secured an
audience with the Emperor; but just as he was about to enter his
apartment, he stopped short as his feet were on the threshold,
and suddenly stepped backward. Whereupon the eunuch escorting
him, and others who were present, importuned him to go ahead.
But he answered not a word; and like a man who has had a stroke
staggered back to his lodging. And when some followed to ask why
he acted thus, they say he distinctly declared he saw the King
of the Devils sitting on the throne in the palace, and he did
not care to meet or ask any favor of him.
Indeed, how was this man likely to be anything but an evil spirit,
who never knew honest satiety of drink or food or sleep, but only
tasting at random from the meals that were set before him, roamed
the palace at unseemly hours of the night, and was possessed by
the quenchless lust of a demon?
Furthermore some of Theodora's lovers, while she was on the stage,
say that at night a demon would sometimes descend upon them and
drive them from the room, so that it might spend the night with
her. And there was a certain dancer named Macedonia, who belonged
to the Blue party in Antioch, who came to possess much influence.
For she used to write letters to Justinian while Justin was still
Emperor, and so made away with whatever notable men in the East
she had a grudge against, and had their property confiscated.
This Macedonia, they say, greeted Theodora at the time of her
arrival from Egypt and Libya; and when she saw her badly worried
and cast down at the ill treatment she had received from Hecebolus
and at the loss of her money during this adventure, she tried
to encourage Theodora by reminding her of the laws of chance,
by which she was likely again to be the leader of a chorus of
coins. Then, they say, Theodora used to relate how on that very
night a dream came to her, bidding her take no thought of money,
for when she should come to Constantinople, she should share the
couch of the King of the Devils, and that she should contrive
to become his wedded wife and thereafter be the mistress of all
the money in the world. And that this is what happened is the
opinion of most people.
13. . DECEPTIVE AFFABILITY AND PIETY OF A TYRANT
Justinian, while otherwise of such character as I have shown,
did make himself easy of access and affable to his visitors; nobody
of all those who sought audience with him was ever denied: even
those who confronted him improperly or noisily never made him
angry. On the other hand, he never blushed at the murders he committed.
Thus he never revealed a sign of wrath or irritation at any offender,
but with a gentle countenance and unruffled brow gave the order
to destroy myriads of innocent men, to sack cities, to confiscate
any amount of properties.
One would think from this manner that the man had the mind of
a lamb. If, however, anyone tried to propitiate him and in suppliance
beg him to forgive his victims, he would grin like a wild beast,
and woe betide those who saw his teeth thus bared!
The priests he permitted fearlessly to outrage their neighbors,
and even took sympathetic pleasure in their robberies, fancying
he was thus sharing their divine piety when he judged such cases,
he thought he was doing the holy thing when he gave the decision
to the priest and let him go free with his ill-gotten booty: justice,
in his mind, meant the priests' getting the better of their opponents.
When he himself thus illegally got possession of estates of people
alive or dead, he would straightway make them over to one of the
churches, gilding his violence with the color of piety-and so
that his victims could not possibly get their property back. Furthermore
he committed an inconceivable number of murders for the same cause:
for in his zeal to gather all men into one Christian doctrine,
he recklessly killed all who dissented, and this too he did in
the name of piety. For he did not call it homicide, when those
who perished happened to be of a belief that was different from
his own.
So quenchless was his thirst for human blood; and with his wife,
intent on this end, he neglected no possible excuse for slaughter.
For these two were almost twins in their desires, though they
pretended to differ: they were both scoundrels, however they affected
to oppose each other, and thus destroyed their subjects. The man
was lighter in character than a cloud of dust, and could be led
to do anything any man wished him to do, so long as the matter
did not require philanthropy or generosity. Flattery he swallowed
whole, and his courtiers had no difficulty in persuading him that
he was destined to rise as high as the sun and walk upon the clouds.
Once, indeed, Tribonian, who was sitting beside him, said his
greatest fear was that Justinian some day by reason of his piety
would be carried off to heaven and vanish in a chariot of fire.
Such praise, if not irony, as this he treasured fondly in his
mind.
Yet if he ever remarked on any man's virtue, he would soon revile
him as a villain; and whenever he abused any of his subjects,
he would next as inconsistently commend him, with no reason for
the change. For what he thought was always the opposite of what
he said and wished to seem to think.
How he was affected by friendship or enmity I have indicated by
the evidence of his actions. For as a foe he was relentless and
unswerving, and to his friends he was inconstant. Thus he ruined
recklessly most of those who were loyal to him, but never became
a friend to any whom he hated. Even those who seemed to be his
nearest and dearest associates he betrayed, and after no long
time, to please his wife or anybody else, though he was well aware
that it was only because of their devotion to him that they perished.
For he was openly faithless in everything, except indeed to inhumanity
and avarice. From these ideals no man could divert him. Whatever
his wife could not otherwise induce him to do, by suggesting the
great profits to be hoped for in the matter she intended, she
led him willingly to undertake. For if there were an ever infamous,
he had no scruple against making a law and then repudiating it.
Nor were his decisions made according to the laws himself had
written: but whichever way was to his greater advantage, and promised
the more elaborate bribe. Stealing, little by little, the property
of his subjects, he saw no reason for feeling any shame; when,
indeed, he did not somehow grab it all at once, either by bringing
some unexpected accusation or by presenting a forged will.
There remained, while he ruled the Romans, no sure faith in God,
no hope in religion, no defense in law, no security in business,
no trust in a contract. When his officials were given any affair
to handle for him, if they killed many of their victims and robbed
the rest, they were looked upon by the Emperor with high favor,
and given honorable mention for carrying out so perfectly his
instructions. But if they showed any mercy and then returned to
him, he frowned and was thenceforth their enemy.
Despising their qualms as old-fashioned, he called them no more
to his service. Consequently many were eager to show him how wicked
they were, even when they were really nothing of the sort. He
made frequent promises, guaranteed with a sworn oath or by a written
confirmation; and then purposely forgot them directly, thinking
this summary negligence added to his importance. And Justinian
acted thus not only to his subjects, but to many of the enemy,
as I have already said.
He was untiring; and hardly slept at all, generally speaking;
he had no appetite for food or drink, but picking up a morsel
with the tips of his fingers, tasted it and left the table, as
if eating were a duty imposed upon him by nature and of no more
interest than a courier takes in delivering a letter. Indeed,
he would often go without food for two days and nights, especially
when the time before the festival called Easter enjoins such fasting.
Then, as I have said, he often went without food for two days,
living only on a little water and a few wild herbs, sleeping perhaps
a single hour, and then spending the rest of the time walking
up and down.
If, mark you, he had spent these periods in good works, matters
might have been considerably alleviated. Instead, he devoted the
full strength of his nature to the ruin of the Romans, and succeeded
in razing the state to its foundation. For his constant wakefulness,
his privations and his labors were undergone for no other reason
than to contrive each day ever more exaggerated calamities for
his people. For he was, as I said, unusually keen at inventing
and quick at accomplishing unholy acts, so that even the good
in him transpired to be answerable for the downfall of his subjects.
14. JUSTICE FOR SALE
Everything was done the wrong way, and of the old customs none
remained; a few instances will illustrate, and the rest must be
silence, that this book may have an end. In the first place, Justinian,
having no natural aptitude toward the imperial dignity, neither
assumed the royal manner nor thought it necessary to his prestige.
In his accent, in his dress, and in his ideas he was a barbarian.
When he wished to issue a decree, he did not give it out through
the Quaestor's office, as is usual, but most frequently preferred
to announce it himself, in spite of his barbarous accent; or sometimes
he had a whole group of his intimates publish it together, so
that those who were wronged by the edict did not know which one
to complain against.
The secretaries who had performed this duty for centuries were
no longer trusted with writing the Emperor's secret dispatches:
he wrote them himself and practically everything else, too; so
that in the few cases where he neglected to give instructions
to city magistrates, they did not know where to go for advice
concerning their duties. For he let no one in the Roman Empire
decide anything independently, but taking everything upon himself
with senseless arrogance, gave the verdict in cases before they
came to trial, accepting the story of one of the litigants without
listening to the other, and then pronounced the argument concluded;
swayed not by any law or justice, but openly yielding to base
greed. In accepting bribes the Emperor felt no shame, since hunger
for wealth had devoured his decency.
Often the decrees of the Senate and those of the Emperor nominally
conflicted. The Senate, however, sat only for pictorial effect,
with no power to vote or do anything. It was assembled as a matter
of form, to comply with the ancient law, and none of its members
was permitted to utter a single word. The Emperor and his Consort
took upon themselves the decisions of all matters in dispute,
and their will of course prevailed. And if anybody thought his
victory in such a case was insecure because it was illegal, he
had only to give the Emperor more money, and a new law would immediately
be passed revoking the former one. And if anybody else preferred
the law that had been repealed, the ruler was quite willing to
reestablish it in the same manner.
Under this reign of violence nothing was stable, but the balance
of justice revolved in a circle, inclining to whichever side was
able to weight it with the heavier amount of gold. Publicly in
the Forum, and under the management of palace officials, the selling
of court decisions and legislative actions was carried on.
The officers called Referendars were no longer satisfied to perform
their duties of presenting to the Emperor the request of petitioners,
and referring to the magistrates what he had decided in the petitioner's
case; but gathering worthless testimony from all quarters, with
false reports and misleading statements, deceived Justinian, who
was naturally inclined to listen to that sort of thing; and then
they would go back to the litigants, without telling them what
had been said during their interview with the Emperor, to extort
as much money as they desired. And no one dared oppose them.
The soldiers of the Pretorian guard, attending the judges of the
imperial court in the palace, also used their power to influence
decisions. Everybody, one might say, stepped from his rank and
found he was now at liberty to walk roads where before there had
been no path; all bars were down, even the names of former restrictions
were lost. The government was like a Queen surrounded by romping
children. But I must pass over further illustrations, as I said
at the beginning of this chapter.
I must, however, mention the man who first taught the Emperor
to sell his decisions. This was Leo, a native of Cilicia, and
devilish eager to enrich himself. This Leo was the prince of flatterers,
and apt at insinuating himself into the good will of the ignorant.
Gaining the confidence of the Emperor, he turned the tyrant's
folly toward the ruin of the people. This man was the first to
show Justinian how to exchange justice for money.
As soon as the latter thus learned how to be a thief, he never
stopped; but advancing on this road, the evil grew so great that
if anyone wished to win an unjust case against an honest man,
he went first to Leo, and agreeing that a share of the disputed
property would be given to be divided between this man and the
monarch, left the palace with his wrongful case already won. And
Leo soon built up a great fortune in this way, became the lord
of much land, and was most responsible for bringing the Roman
state to its knees.
There was no security in contracts, no law, no oath, no written
pledge, no penalty, no nothing: unless money had first been given
to Leo and the Emperor. And even buying Leo's support gave no
certainty, for Justinian was quite willing to take money from
both sides: he felt no guilt at robbing either party, and then,
when both trusted him, he would betray one and keep his promise
to the other, at random. He saw nothing disgraceful in such double
dealing, if only it brought him gain. That is the sort of person
Justinian was.
15. HOW ALL ROMAN CITIZENS BECAME SLAVES
Theodora too unceasingly hardened her heart in the practice of
inhumanity. What she did, was never to please or obey anyone else;
what she willed, she performed of her own accord and with all
her might: and no one dared to intercede for any who fell in her
way. For neither length of time, fulness of punishment, artifice
of prayer, nor threat of death, whose vengeance sent by Heaven
is feared by all mankind, could persuade her to abate her wrath.
Indeed, no one ever saw Theodora reconciled to any one who had
offended her, either while he lived or after he had departed this
earth. Instead, the son of the dead would inherit the enmity of
the Empress, together with the rest of his father's estate: and
he in turn bequeathed it to the third generation. For her spirit
was over ready to be kindled to the destruction of men, while
cure for her fever there was none.
To her body she gave greater care than was necessary, if less
than she thought desirable. For early she entered the bath and
late she left it; and having bathed, went to breakfast. After
breakfast she rested. At dinner and supper she partook of every
kind of food and drink; and many hours she devoted to sleep, by
day till nightfall, by night till the rising sun. Though she wasted
her hours thus intemperately, what time of the day remained she
deemed ample for managing the Roman Empire.
And if the Emperor intrusted any business to anyone without consulting
her, the result of the affair for that officer would be his early
and violent removal from favor and a most shameful death.
It was easy for Justinian to look after everything, not only because
of his calmness of temper, but because he hardly ever slept, as
I have said, and because he was not chary with his audiences.
For great opportunity was given to people, however obscure and
unknown, not only to be admitted to the tyrant's presence, but
to converse with him, and in private.
But to the Queen's presence even the highest officials could not
enter without great delay and trouble; like slaves they had to
wait all day in a small and stuffy antechamber, for to absent
himself was a risk no official dared to take. So they stood there
on their tiptoes, each straining to keep his face above his neighbor's,
so that eunuchs, as they came out from the audience room, would
see them. Some would be called, perhaps, after several days; and
when they did enter to her presence in great fear, they were quickly
dismissed as soon as they had made obeisance and kissed her feet.
For to speak or make any request, unless she commanded, was not
permitted.
Not civility, but servility was now the rule, and Theodora was
the slave driver. So far had Roman society been corrupted, between
the false geniality of the tyrant and the harsh implacability
of his consort. For his smile was not to be trusted, and against
her frown nothing could be done. There was this superficial difference
between them in attitude and manner; but in avarice, bloodthirstiness,
and dissimulation they utterly agreed. They were both liars of
the first water.
And if anyone who had fallen out of favor with Theodora was accused
of some minor and insignificant error, she immediately fabricated
further unwarranted charges against the man, and built the matter
up into a really serious accusation. Any number of indictments
were brought, and a court appointed to plunder the victim, with
judges selected by her, to compete with themselves to see which
one could please her most in fitting his decision to the Empress's
inhumanity. And so the property of the victim would be straightway
confiscated, and after he was cruelly whipped, even if he perhaps
belonged to an ancient and noble family, she would callously have
him sentenced to exile or to death.
But if any of her favorites happened to be caught in the act of
murder or any other serious crime, she ridiculed and belittled
the efforts of their accusers, and compelled them, however unwillingly,
to quash the charge. Indeed, whenever she felt the inclination,
she turned the most serious matters of state into a jest, as if
she were again on the stage of the theater.
Once an elderly patrician, who had been for a long time in high
office (whose name I well know, but shall carefully refrain from
mentioning, so as not to bring eternal ridicule upon him), being
unable to collect from one of her attendants a considerable sum
of money owed him, went to her with the intention of asking his
due and imploring her just aid. But Theodora was warned, and told
her eunuchs, as soon as the patrician should be admitted to her
presence, to surround him in a body and listen to her words; telling
them what to say after she had spoken. And when the patrician
was admitted to her private quarters, he kissed her feet in the
customary manner and, weeping, addressed her:
"Highness, it is hard for a patrician to ask for money. For
what in other men brings sympathy and pity, in one of my rank
is considered disgraceful. Any other man suffering hardships from
poverty may plead this before his creditors, and receive immediate
relief from his difficulty; but a patrician, not knowing whence
he can find the wherewithal to pay his creditors, would be ashamed
in the first place to admit it. And if he did say this, he could
never persuade them that one of such rank could know penury. And
even if he did persuade them, he would be making himself suffer
the most shameful and intolerable disgrace imaginable.
"Yet, Highness, such is my plight. I have creditors to whom
I owe money, while others owe money to me. And those whom I owe,
who are pressing me for payment, I cannot, for the sake of my
reputation, attempt to cheat of their due; while my debtors, for
they are not patricians, deny me with unmanly excuses. I charge
you, therefore; I beseech and beg of you, to aid me in what is
right, and release me from my present trouble."
So he said, and the Queen answered musically:
"Patrician Mr. Such-and-such-" whereupon the chorus
of eunuchs sang:
"Your hernia seems to bother you much!"
And when the man entreated her again, making a second speech similar
to his first one, she answered as before, and the chorus sang
the same refrain: till, giving it up, the poor wretch bowed and
went home.
Most of the year the Empress resided in the suburbs on the seashore,
especially in the place called Heraeum, and the numerous crowd
of her attendants was subjected to great inconvenience. For it
was hard to get necessary supplies, and they were exposed to the
perils of the sea: especially to the frequent sudden storms and
the attack of sharks. Nevertheless they counted the most bitter
misfortunes as nothing, so long as they could share the licenses
of her court.
16. WHAT HAPPENED TO THOSE WHO FELL OUT OF FAVOR WITH THEODORA
How Theodora treated those who offended her will now be shown,
though again I can give only a few instances, or obviously there
would be no end to the demonstration.
When Amasalontha decided to save her life by surrendering her
queendom over the Goths and retiring to Constantinople (as I have
related elsewhere), Theodora, reflecting that the lady was well-born
and a Queen, more than easy to look at and a marvel at planning
intrigues, became suspicious of her charms and audacity: and fearing
her husband's fickleness, she became not a little jealous, and
determined to ensnare the lady to her doom.
So she forthwith persuaded Justinian to send Peter, alone, to
Italy as ambassador to Theodatus. When he set out the Emperor
gave him the instructions I described in the chapter on that event:
where, however, I could not tell the whole truth of the matter,
for fear of the Empress. But she gave him this single secret command:
to remove the lady from this world with all dispatch; bribing
the fellow with the hope of much money if he performed his order.
And when he arrived in Italy (for man is not by nature too hesitant
at committing murder, if he has been bribed by the promise of
high office or considerable money), by what argument I know not,
he persuaded Theodatus to make away with Amasalontha. Consequently
raised to the rank of Master of Offices, he achieved immense power
and universal hatred. And so ends the story of Amasalontha.
Then ,there was a secretary to Justinian named Priscus: an utter
villain and Paphlagonian, of a character likely to please his
master, to whom he was more than devoted, and from whom he expected
similar consideration. And accordingly he very soon became the
owner of great and ill-gotten wealth. Finding him insolent and
always trying to oppose her, Theodora denounced him to the Emperor.
At first she was unsuccessful; but before long she took the matter
in her own hands: embarked the man on a ship, sailing to a determined
port, had his head shaved, and compelled him against his will
to become a priest. And Justinian, pretending he knew nothing
of the matter, never asked where on earth Priscus was, nor ever
after mentioned him: remaining silent as if he had utterly forgotten
him. However, he did not forget to seize what property Priscus
had been forced to abandon.
Again, Theodora was overtaken with suspicion of one of her servants
named Areobindus, a barbarian by birth, but a handsome young man,
whom she had made her steward. Instead of accusing him directly,
she decided to have him cruelly whipped in her presence (though
they say she was madly in love with the fellow) without explaining
her reason for the punishment. What became of the man after that
we do not know, nor has any one ever seen him since. For if the
Queen wanted to keep any of her actions concealed, it remained
secret and unmentioned; and neither was any who knew of the matter
allowed to tell it to his closest friend, nor could any who tried
to learn what had happened ever find out, no matter how much of
a busybody he was.
No other tyrant since mankind began ever inspired such fear, since
not a word could be spoken against her without her hearing of
it: her multitude of spies brought her the news of whatever was
said and done in public or in private. And when she decided the
time had come to take vengeance on any offender, she did as follows.
Summoning the man, if he happened to be notable, she would privately
hand him over to one of her confidential attendants, and order
that he be escorted to the farthest boundary of the Roman realm.
And her agent, in the dead of night, covering the victim's face
with a hood and binding him, would put him on board a ship and
accompany him to the place selected by Theodora. There he would
secretly leave the unfortunate in charge of another qualified
for this work: charging him to keep the prisoner under guard and
tell no one of the matter until the Empress should take pity on
the wretch or, as time went on, he should languish under his bondage
and succumb to death.
Then there was Basanius, one of the Green faction, a prominent
young man, who incurred her anger by making some uncomplimentary
remark. Basanius, warned of her displeasure, fled to the Church
of Michael the Archangel. She immediately sent the Prefect after
him, charging Basanius however not with slander, but pederasty.
And the Prefect, dragging the man from the church, had him flogged
intolerably while all the populace, when they saw a Roman citizen
of good standing so shamefully mistreated, straightway sympathized
with him, and cried so loud to let him go that Heaven must have
heard their reproaches. Whereupon the Empress punished him further,
and had him castrated so that he bled to death, and his estate
was confiscated; though his case had never been tried. Thus, when
this female was enraged, no church offered sanctuary, no law gave
protection, no intercession of the people brought mercy to her
victim; nor could anything else in the world stop her.
Thus she took a hatred of a certain Diogenes, because he belonged
to the Greens: a man urbane and beloved by all, including the
Emperor himself. None the less she wrathfully denounced him as
homosexual. Bribing two of his servants, she presented them as
accusers and witnesses against their master. However, as he was
tried publicly and not in secret, as was her usual practise in
such cases, the judges chosen were many and of distinguished character,
because of Diogenes's high rank; and after cross-examination of
the evidence of the servants, they decided it was insufficient
to prove the case, especially as the latter were only children.
So the Empress locked up Theodorus, one of Diogenes's friends,
in one of her private dungeons; and there first with flattery,
then with flogging, tried to overwhelm him. When he still resisted,
she ordered a cord of oxhide to be wound around his head and then
turned and tightened. But though they twisted the cord till his
eyes started from their sockets and Theodora thought he would
lose them completely, still he refused to confess what he had
not done. Accordingly the judges, for lack of proof, acquitted
him, while all the city took holiday to celebrate his release.
And that was that.
17. HOW SHE SAVED FIVE HUNDRED HARLOTS FROM A LIFE OF SIN
I have told earlier in this narrative what she did to Belisarius,
Photius and Buzes.
There were two members of the Blue faction, Cilicians by birth,
who with a mob of others offered violence to Callinicus, Governor
of the second Cilicia; and when his groom, who was standing near
his master, tried to protect him, they slew the fellow before
the eyes of the Governor and all the people. The Governor, convicting
the two of this and many previous murders, sentenced them to death.
Theodora heard of this, and to show her preference f or the. Blues,.
crucified Callinicus, without troubling to remove him from his
office, on the spot where the murderers had been buried.
The Emperor affected to lament and mourn the death of his Governor,
and sat around grumbling and making threats against those responsible
for the deed. But he did nothing, except to seize the estate of
the dead man.
Theodora also devoted considerable attention to the punishment
of women caught in carnal sin. She picked up more than five hundred
harlots in the Forum, who earned a miserable living by selling
themselves there for three obols, and sent them to the opposite
mainland, where they were locked up in the monastery called Repentance
to force them to reform their way of life. Some of them, however,
threw themselves from the parapets at night and thus freed themselves
from an undesired salvation.
There were in Constantinople two girls: sisters, of a very illustrious
family -not only had their father and grandfather been Consuls,
but even before that their ancestors had been Senators. These
girls had both married early, but became widows when their husbands
died; and immediately Theodora, accusing them of living too merrily,
chose new husbands for them, two common and disgusting fellows,
and commanded the marriage to take place. Fearing this repulsive
fate, the sisters fled to the Church of St. Sophia, and running
to the holy water, clung tightly to the font. Yet such privations
and ill treatment did the Empress inflict upon them there, that
to escape from their sufferings they finally agreed to accept
the proposed nuptials. For no place was sacred or inviolable to
Theodora. Thus involuntarily these ladies were mated to beggarly
and negligible men, far beneath their rank, although they had
many well-born suitors. Their mother, who was also a widow, attended
the ceremony without daring to protest or even weep at their misfortune.
Later Theodora saw her mistake and tried to console them, to the
public detriment, for she made their new husbands Dukes. Even
this brought no comfort to the young women, for endless and intolerable
woes were inflicted on practically all their subjects by these
men; as I have told elsewhere. Theodora, however, cared nothing
for the interest of office or government, or anything else, if
only she accomplished her will.
She had accidentally become pregnant by one of her lovers, when
she was still on the stage; and perceiving her ill luck too late
tried all the usual measures to cause a miscarriage, but despite
every artifice was unable to prevail against nature at this advanced
stage of development. Finding that nothing else could be done,
she abandoned the attempt and was compelled to give birth to the
child. The father of the baby, seeing that Theodora was at her
wit's end and vexed because motherhood interfered with her usual
recreations, and suspecting with good reason that she would do
away with the child, took the infant from her, naming him John,
and sailed with the baby to Arabia. Later, when he was on the
verge of death and John was a lad of fourteen, the father told
him the whole story about his mother.
So the boy, after he had performed the last rites for his departed
father, shortly after came to Constantinople and announced his
presence to the Empress's chamberlains. And they, not conceiving
the possibility of her acting so inhumanly, reported to the mother
that her son John had come. Fearing the story would get to the
ears of her husband, Theodora bade her son be brought face to
face with her. As soon as he entered, she handed him over to one
of her servants who was ordinarily entrusted with such commissions.
And in what manner the poor lad was removed from the world, I
cannot say, for no one has ever seen him since, not even after
the Queen died. The ladies of the court at this time were nearly
all of abandoned morals. They ran no risk in being faithless to
their husbands, as the sin brought no penalty: even if caught
in the act, they were unpunished, for all they had to do was to
go to the Empress, claim the charge was not proven, and start
a countersuit against their husbands. The latter, defeated without
a trial, had to pay a fine of twice the dower, and were usually
whipped and sent to prison; and the next time they saw their adulterous
wives again, the ladies would be daintily entertaining their lovers
more openly than ever. Indeed, many of the latter gained promotion
and pay for their amorous services. After one such experience,
most men who suffered these outrages from their wives preferred
thereafter to be complaisant instead of being whipped, and gave
them every liberty rather than seem to be spying on their affairs.
Theodora's idea was to control everything in the state to suit
herself. Civil and ecclesiastical offices were all in her hand,
and there was only one thing she was always careful to inquire
about and guard as the standard of her appointments: that no honest
gentleman should be given high rank, for fear he would have scruples
against obeying her commands.
She arranged all marriages as if that were her divine right, and
voluntary betrothals before a ceremony were unknown. A wife would
suddenly be found for a man, chosen not because she pleased him,
which is customary even among the barbarians, but because Theodora
willed it. And the same was true of brides, who were forced to
take men they did not desire. Frequently she even made the bride
jump out of her marriage bed, and for no reason at all sent the
bridegroom away before he had reached the chorus of his nuptial
song; and her only angry words would be that the girl displeased
her. Among the many to whom she did this were Leontius, the Referendar,
and Saturninus, the son of Hermogenes the Master of Offices.
Now this Saturninus was betrothed to a maiden cousin, freeborn
and a good girl, whom her father Cyril had promised him in marriage
just after the death of Hermogenes. When their bridal chamber
was in readiness, Theodora arrested the groom, who was conducted
to another nuptial couch, where, weeping and groaning terribly,
he was compelled to wed Chrysomallo's daughter. Chrysomallo herself
had formerly been a dancer and a hetaera; at this time she lived
in the palace, with another woman of the same name and one called
Indaro, having given up Cupid and the stage to be of service to
the Queen.
Saturninus, lying down finally to pleasant dreams with his new
bride, discovered she was already unmaidened; and later told one
of his friends that his new-found mate came to him not imperforate.
When this comment got to Theodora, she ordered her servants, charging
him with impious disregard of the solemnity of his matrimonial
oath, to hoist him up like a schoolboy who had been saucy to his
teacher: and after whipping him on his backsides, told him not
to be such a fool thereafter.
What she did to John the Cappadocian I have told elsewhere; and
need add only that her treatment of him was due to her anger,
not at his transgressions against the state (and a proof of this
is that those who later did even more terrible things to their
subjects met no such similar fate from her), but because he had
a not only dared oppose her in other things, but had denounced
her before the Emperor: with the result that she was all but estranged
from her husband. I am explaining this now, for it is in this
book, as I said in the foreword, that I necessarily tell the real
truths and motives of events.
When she confined him in Egypt, after he had suffered such humiliations
as I have previously described, she was not even then satisfied
with the man's punishment, but never ceased hunting for false
witnesses against him. Four years later, she was able to find
two members of the Green party who had taken part in the insurrection
at Cyzicus, and who were said to have shared in the assault upon
the bishop. These two she overwhelmed with flattery and threats,
and one of them, inspired by her promises, accused John of the
murder; while the other utterly refused to be an accomplice in
this libel, even when he was so injured by the torture that he
seemed about to die on the spot. Consequently for all her efforts
she was unable to cause john's death on this pretext. But the
two young men had their right hands cut off: one, because he was
unwilling to bear false witness; the other, that her conspiracy
might not be utterly obvious. Thus she was able to do things in
full public sight, and still nobody knew exactly what she had
done.
18. HOW JUSTINIAN KILLED A TRILLION PEOPLE
That Justinian was not a man, but a demon, as I have said, in
human form, one might prove by considering the enormity of the
evils he brought upon mankind. For in the monstrousness of his
actions the power of a fiend is manifest. Certainly an accurate
reckoning of all those whom he destroyed would be impossible,
I think, for anyone but God to make. Sooner could one number,
I fancy, the sands of the sea than the men this Emperor murdered.
Examining the countries that he made desolate of inhabitants,
I would say he slew a trillion people. For Libya, vast as it is,
he so devastated that you would have to go a long way to find
a single man, and he would be remarkable. Yet eighty thousand
Vandals capable of bearing arms had dwelt there, and as for their
wives and children and servants, who could guess their number?
Yet still more numerous than these were the Mauretanians, who
with their wives and children were all exterminated. And again,
many Roman soldiers and those who followed them to Constantinople,
the earth now covers; so that if one should venture to say that
five million men perished in Libya alone, he would not, I imagine,
be telling the half of it.
The reason for this was that after the Vandals were defeated,
Justinian planned, not how he might best strengthen his hold on
the country, nor how by safeguarding the interests of those who
were loyal to him he might have the goodwill of his subjects:
but instead he foolishly recalled Belisarius at once, on the charge
that the latter intended to make himself King (an idea of which
Belisarius was utterly incapable), and so that he might manage
affairs there himself and be able to plunder the whole of Libya.
Sending commissioners to value the province, he imposed grievous
taxes where before there had been none. Whatever lands were most
valuable, he seized, and prohibited the Arians from observing
their religious ceremonies. Negligent toward sending necessary
supplies to the soldiers, he was over-strict with them in other
ways; wherefore mutinies arose resulting in the deaths of many.
For he was never able to abide by established customs, but naturally
threw everything into confusion and disturbance.
Italy, which is not less than thrice as large as Libya, was everywhere
desolated of men, even worse than the other country; and from
this the count of those who perished there may be imagined. The
reason for what happened in Italy I have already made plain. All
of his crimes in Libya were repeated here; sending his auditors
to Italy, he soon upset and ruined everything.
The rule of the Goths, before this war, had extended from the
land of the Gauls to the boundaries of Dacia, where the city of
Sirmium is. The Germans held Cisalpine Gaul and most of the land
of the Venetians, when the Roman army arrived in Italy. Sirmium
and the neighboring country was in the hands of the Gepidae. All
of these he utterly depopulated. For those who did not die in
battle perished of disease and famine, which as usual followed
in the train of war. Illyria and all of Thrace, that is, from
the Ionian Gulf to the suburbs of Constantinople, including Greece
and the Chersonese, were overrun by the Huns, Slavs and Antes,
almost every year, from the time when Justinian took over the
Roman Empire; and intolerable things they did to the inhabitants.
For in each of these incursions, I should say, more than two hundred
thousand Romans were slain or enslaved, so that all this country
became a desert like that of Scythia.
Such were the results of the wars in Libya and in Europe. Meanwhile
the Saracens were continuously making inroads on the Romans of
the East, from the land of Egypt to the boundaries of Persia;
and so completely did their work, that in all this country few
were left, and it will never be possible, I fear, to find out
how many thus perished. Also the Persians under Chosroes three
times invaded the rest of this Roman territory, sacked the cities,
and either killing or carrying away the men they captured in the
cities and country, emptied the land of inhabitants every time
they invaded it. From the time when they invaded Colchis, ruin
has befallen themselves and the Lazi and the Romans.
For neither the Persians nor the Saracens, the Huns or the Slavs
or the rest of the barbarians, were able to withdraw from Roman
territory undamaged. In their inroads, and still more in their
sieges of cities and in battles, where they prevailed over opposing
forces, they shared in disastrous losses quite as much. Not only
the Romans, but nearly all the barbarians thus felt Justinian's
bloodthirstiness. For while Chosroes himself was bad enough, as
I have duly shown elsewhere, Justinian was the one who each time
gave him an occasion for the war. For he took no heed to fit his
policies to an appropriate time, but did everything at the wrong
moment: in time of peace or truce he ever craftily contrived to
find pretext for war with his neighbors; while in time of war,
he unreasonably lost interest, and hesitated too long in preparing
for the campaign, grudging the necessary expenses; and instead
of putting his mind on the war, gave his attention to stargazing
and research as to the nature of God. Yet he would not abandon
hostilities, since he was so bloodthirsty and tyrannical, even
when thus unable to conquer the enemy because of his negligence
in meeting the situation.
So while he was Emperor, the whole earth ran red with the blood
of nearly all the Romans and the barbarians. Such were the results
of the wars throughout the whole Empire . during this time. But
the civil strife in Constantinople and in every other city, if
the dead were reckoned, would total no smaller number of slain
than those who perished in the wars, I believe. Since justice
and impartial punishment were seldom directed against offenders,
and each of the two factions tried to win the favor of the Emperor
over the other, neither party kept the peace. Each, according
to his smile or his frown, was now terrified, now encouraged.
Sometimes they attacked each other in full strength, sometimes
in smaller groups, or even lay in ambush against the first single
man of the opposite party who came along. For thirty-two years,
without ever ceasing, they performed outrages against each other,
many of them being punished with death by the municipal Prefect.
However, punishment for these offenses was mostly directed against
the Greens.
Furthermore the persecution of the Samaritans and the so-called
heretics filled the Roman realm with blood. Let this present recapitulation
suffice to recall what I have described more fully a little while
since. Such were the things done to all mankind by the demon in
flesh for which Justinian, as Emperor, was responsible. But what
evils he wrought against men by some hidden power and diabolic
force I shall now relate.
During his rule over the Romans, many disasters of various kinds
occurred: which some said were due to the presence and artifices
of the Devil, and others considered were effected by the Divinity,
Who, disgusted with the Roman Empire, had turned away from it
and given the country up to the Old One. The Scirtus River flooded
Edessa, creating countless sufferings among the inhabitants, as
I have elsewhere written. The Nile, rising as usual, but not subsiding
in the customary season, brought terrible calamities to the people
there, as I have also previously recounted. The Cydnus inundated
Tarsus, covering almost the whole city for many days, and did
not subside until it had done irreparable damage.
Earthquakes destroyed Antioch, the leading city of the East; Seleucia,
which is situated nearby; and Anazarbus, most renowned city in
Cilicia. Who could number those that perished in these metropoles?
Yet one must add also those who lived in Ibora; in Amasea, the
chief city of Pontus; in Polybotus in Phrygia, called Polymede
by the Pisidians; in Lychnidus in Epirus; and in Corinth: all
thickly inhabited cities from of old. All of these were destroyed
by earthquakes during this time, with a loss of almost all their
inhabitants. And then came the plague, which I have previously
mentioned, killing half at least of those who had survived the
earthquakes. To so many men came their doom, when Justinian first
came to direct the Roman state and later possessed the throne
of autocracy.
19. HOW HE SEIZED ALL THE WEALTH OF THE ROMANS AND THREW IT
AWAY
How he seized all wealth I will next discuss: recalling first
a vision which, at the beginning of Justinian's rule, was revealed
to one of illustrious rank in a dream.
In this dream, he said, he seemed to be standing on the shore
of the sea somewhere in Constantinople, across the water from
Chalcedon, and saw Justinian there in midchannel. And first Justinian
drank up all the water of the sea, so that he presently appeared
to be standing on the mainland, there bring no longer any waves
to break against it; then other water, heavy with filth and rubbish,
roaring out of the subterranean sewers, proceeded to cover the
land. And this, too, he drank, a second time drying up the bed
of the channel. This is what the vision in the dream disclosed.
Now Justinian, when his uncle Justin came to the throne, found
the state well provided with public funds. For Anastasius, who
had been the most provident and economical of all monarchs, fearing
(which indeed happened) that the inheritor of his Empire should
find himself in need of money, would perhaps plunder his subjects,
filled all the treasuries to their brim with gold before he completed
his span of life. All of this Justinian immediately exhausted,
between his senseless building program on the coast and his lavish
presents to the barbarians; though one might have thought that
it would take the most extravagant of Emperors a hundred years
to disburse such wealth. For the treasurers and those in charge
of the other imperial properties had been able, during Anastasius's
rule of more than twenty-seven years over the Romans, easily to
accumulate 3,200 gold centenaries; and of all these nothing at
all was left, for it had been squandered by this man while Justin
still lived; as I have already related.
What he illegally confiscated and wasted during his lifetime,
no tale, no reckoning, no count could ever make manifest. For
like an ever flowing river swallowing more each day he pillaged
his subjects, to disgorge it straightway on the barbarians.
Having thus carried away the public wealth, he turned his eye
upon his private subjects. Most of them he immediately robbed
of their estates, snatching them arbitrarily by force, bringing
false charges against whoever in Constantinople and each other
city were reputed to be rich.
Some he accused of polytheism, others of heresy against the orthodox
Christian faith; some of pederasty, others of love affairs with
nuns, or other unlawful intercourse; some of starting sedition,
or of favoring the Greens, or treason against himself, or anything
else; or he made himself the arbitrary heir of the dead and even
of the living, when he could. Such were the subtleties of his
actions. And how he profited from the insurrection against himself
which is called Nika, making himself heir to the Senators, I have
already shown; and how, some time before the sedition broke out,
he privately robbed each man of his estate.
To all the barbarians, on every occasion, he gave great sums:
to those of the East and those of the West ' to the North and
to the South, as far as Britain, and over all the inhabited earth;
so that nations whose very names we had never heard of, we now
learned to know, seeing their ambassadors for the first time.
For when they learned of this man's folly, they came to him and
Constantinople in floods from the whole world. And he with no
hesitation, but overjoyed at this, and thinking it good luck to
drain the Romans of their prosperity and fling it to barbarian
men or to the waves of the sea, daily sent each one home with
his arms full of presents.
Thus all the barbarians became masters of all the wealth of the
Romans, either being presented with it by the Emperor, or by ravaging
the Roman Empire, selling their prisoners for ransom, and bartering
for truces. And the prophecy of the dream I mentioned above, came
to pass in this visible reality.
20. DEBASING OF THE QUAESTORSHIP
He also had contrived other ways of plundering his subjects (which
I will now describe as well as I can) by which he robbed them,
not all at once, but little by little of their entire fortunes.
First he appointed a new municipal magistrate, with the power
to license shopkeepers to sell their wares at whatever prices
they desired: for which privilege they paid an annual tax. Accordingly,
people buying their provisions in these shops had to pay three
times what the stuff was worth, and complainants had no redress,
though great harm was thus done; for the magistrates saw to it
that the imperial tax was fattened accordingly, which was to their
advantage. Thus the government officials shared in this disgraceful
business, while the shopkeepers, empowered to act illegally, cheated
unbearably those who had to buy from them, not only by raising
their prices many times over, as I have said, but by defrauding
customers in other unheard-of ways.
Again he licensed many monopolies, as they -are called; selling
the freedom of his subjects to those who were willing to undertake
this reprehensible traffic, after he had exacted his price for
the privilege. To those who made this arrangement with him, he
gave the power to manage the business however they pleased; and
he sold this privilege openly, even to all the other magistrates.
And since the Emperor always got his little share of the plundering,
these officials and their subordinates in charge of the work,
did their robbing with small anxiety.
As if the formerly appointed magistrates were not enough for this
purpose, he created two new ones; though the municipal Prefect
had formerly been able to look after all criminal charges. His
real reason for the change was, of course, so that he could have
additional informers, and thus misuse the innocent with more celerity.
Of the two new officials, one, nominally appointed to punish thieves,
was called Praetor of the People; the other was charged with the
punishment of cases of pederasty, illegal intercourse with women,
blasphemy, and heresy; and his official name was Quaestor.
Now the Praetor, whenever he found anything very valuable among
the stolen goods that came to his notice, was supposed to give
it to the Emperor and say that no owner had appeared to claim
it. In this way the Emperor continually got possession of priceless
goods. And the Quaestor, when he condemned persons coming before
him, confiscated as much as he pleased of their properties, and
the Emperor shared with him each time in the lawlessly gained
riches of other people. For the subordinates of these magistrates
neither produced accusers nor offered witnesses when these cases
came to trial, but during all this time the accused were put to
death, and their properties seized without due trial and examination.
Later, this murdering devil ordered these officials and the municipal
Prefect to deal with all criminal charges on equal terms: telling
them to vie with each other to see which of them could destroy
the most people in the shortest time. And one of them asked him
at once, they say, "If somebody is sometime denounced before
all three of us, which of us shall have jurisdiction over the
case?" Whereupon he replied, "Whichever of you acts
faster than the rest."
Thus shamelessly he debased the Quaestor's office, which former
emperors almost without exception had held in high regard, taking
care that the men they appointed to it were experienced and wise,
law-abiding, and uncorruptible by bribes; since otherwise it would
be a calamity to the state, if men holding this high office were
ignorant or avaricious.
But the first man that this Emperor appointed to the office was
Tribonian, whose actions I have fully related elsewhere. And when
Tribonian departed from this world, Justinian seized a portion
of his estate, though a son and many other children were left
destitute when the fellow ended the final day of his life. Junilus,
a Libyan, was next appointed to this office: a man who had never
even heard the law, for he was not a rhetorician; he knew the
Latin letters, but as far as Greek went, he had never even gone
to school, and was unable to speak the language. Frequently when
he tried to say a Greek word, he was laughed at by his servants.
And he was so damned greedy for base gain, that he thought nothing
of publicly selling the Emperor's decrees. For one gold coin he
would hold out his palm to anybody without hesitation. And for
not less than seven years' time the State shared the ridicule
earned by this petty grafter.
When Junilus completed the measure of his life, Constantine was
appointed Quaestor: a man not unacquainted with law, but exceeding
young, and without actual experience in court; and the most thievish
bully among men. Of this person Justinian was very fond, and became
his bosom friend, since through him the Emperor saw he could steal
and run the office as he wished. Consequently, Constantine had
great wealth in a short time, and assumed an air of prodigious
pomp, with his nose in the clouds despising all men; and even
those who wanted to offer him large bribes had to entrust them
to those who were in his special confidence, to offer him together
with their requests; for it was never possible to meet or talk
with him, except when he was running to the Emperor or had just
left him, and even then he trotted by in a great hurry, lest his
time be wasted by somebody who had no money to give him. This
is what the Emperor did to the quaestorship.
Introduction
Part One - Historian -10
Part Two - Chap 11-20
Part Three - Chap 21-30
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